Today the IPv4 has became insignificant. The first IETF definitions publication RFC760, was in January of 1980 and later its revision RFC791 in September of 1981. As we can see the IPv4 is over 30 years old, but it is still the most widely used. The IPv4 has significant losses because of the 32 bit structures division for categories (A,B, ……)

The IPv4 limit was noticed a long time ago, the IPv6 first official release RFC2460 in December of 1998 was created, however it was nota s widely used as it should have been. In September of 2013 it only reached 2% of the internet traffic. The IPv6 is a lot more modern compared to the IPv4. The 128bit usage gives enough addresses to the whole galaxy and it also fixes the security problems.

IPv6 basic properties

• 128 bit for addresses

• 8 groups of 4 hexadecimals numbers

• first 64 bits (4 words) subnet prefix, first word for internet, second word for ISP, third word for customer under ISP and the fourth word the customer subnet.

• second 64 bit (4 words) interface ID

• the prefix length usually /64 because it allows to use the new SLAAC (Stateless Address Auto Configuration)

• interfaces, hosts and routers can have multiple addresses

• all hosts has a self generated link-local address which generated by MAC address, the link-local addresses first word is FE80

• the Unique-local address similar like on IPv4, routed in private networks only, the first word begins with FC

• a lot of devices and applications already support it

An example IP scheme

* click to the diagram to download full size or to the UR:

http://www.frankofamily.info/UniOfSunderland/Level1/Portfolio3/Portfolio3Diagram2014_edited.jpg

	Natty Notebooks Inc. IPv6 scheme
Centre	Department	Host's num.	Interface ID	1st Host	Last
Sunderland HQ	Border	6 hosts	FC00::/64	FC00::1	FC00::6
	Customer Service	30 hosts	FC01::/64	FC01::2	FC01::1F
	IT Services		FC02::/64
	Developers Team VLAN	6 hosts	FC02::/64	FC02::2	FC02::7
	Help-desk Team VLAN	10 hosts	FC02::/64	FC02::8	FC02::11
	Infrastrut. Team VLAN	6 hosts	FC02::/64	FC02::12	FC02::17
	Marketing	10 hosts	FC03::/64	FC03::2	FC03::B
	Finance	5 hosts	FC04::/64	FC04::2	FC04::6
	Management	20 hosts	FC05::/64	FC05::2	FC05::15
Middlesbrough	Border	3 hosts	FC06::/64	FC06::1	FC06::3
	Complaints	32 hosts	FC07::/64	FC07::2	FC07::21
	Sales	130 hosts	FC08::/64	FC08::2	FC08::83
Newcastle	Border	3 hosts	FC09::/64	FC09::1	FC09::3
	Goods Inward	10 hosts	FC0A::/64	FC0A::2	FC0A::B
	Dispatches	10 hosts	FC0B::/64	FC0B::2	FC0B::B
Darlington Shop	Border		FC0C::/64
	Manager VLAN	2 hosts	FC0C::/64	FC0C::2	FC0C::3
	Stores VLAN	3 hosts	FC0C::/64	FC0C::4	FC0C::6
	Shop floor VLAN	5 hosts	FC0C::/64	FC0C::7	FC0C::B
Stockton Shop	Border		FC0D::/64
	Shop floor VLAN	5 hosts	FC0D::/64	FC0D::2	FC0D::6
	Stores VLAN	3 hosts	FC0D::/64	FC0D::7	FC0D::9
	Manager VLAN	2 hosts	FC0D::/64	FC0D::A	FC0D::B
Mobile Sales		15 hosts	FC0E::/64	FC0E::1	FC0E::F

IPv6 routing protocols

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol):

• RIPng (RFC 2080)

(Routing Information Protocol Next Generation)

- Is a distance-vector routing protocol

- RIPng for IPv6 has a maximum distance of 15.

- Use IPsec for authentication.

- RIPng sends updates on UDP port 521 using the multicast group

FF02::9.

- RIPng requires specific encoding of the next hop for a set of route entries.

• Cisco EIGRP for IPv6

- Is known as a hybrid protocol.

- Incorporating mechanism of both distance-vector and link-state protocols

• Integrated ISIS--ISv6 (RFC 5308)

(Integrated System-to-Integrated System) - Is a link-state routing protocol.

-Supports more than one path to use for data transmission.

• OSPFv3 (RFC 5340 Obsoletes RFC 2740)

(Open Shortest Path First)

- Is a hierarchical, link-state protocol

- Use LSP (link state packets) as "Hello" to get information from neighbors

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol):

 MP-BGP4 (RFC 2858 and RFC 2545)

(Multi Protocol-Border Gateway Protocol)

- It use the TCP port 179 to get BGP messages as "OPEN, KEEPALIVE,

UPDATE" and "NOTIFICATION"

IPv6 rather than IPv4

• IPv6 is the future, the IPv4 will be past

• IPv6 addresses will never run out, enough address for all planet  IPv6 fix few problems as security and broadcast storms.

• No more NAT (Network Address Translation)

• Mobility IP support

• Auto-configuration (no more DHCP)

• Simplified, more efficient routing

• Hosts and router ports can have multiple addresses.

• Local address generated by MAC address, no more VLSM

"With IPv6, everything from appliances to automobiles can be interconnected. But an increased number of IT addresses isn't the only advantage of IPv6 over IPv4. In honor of World IPv6 Day, here are six more good reasons to make sure your hardware, software, and services support IPv6"

• More Efficient Routing

• More Efficient Packet Processing

• Directed Data Flows

• Simplified Network Configuration

• Support For New Services

• Security

(Levy, 2011)

What is the recommended IPv6 routing protocol.

Based on the given diagram the area enclosed with dashed lines, creates a administrative domain, so they are within a AS (Autonomous Systems). The 5 AS created this way are only small as they only have contain a small amount of routers.

To connect these networks, eBGP routing protocol would be the most appropriate, which through the internet and the ISP, it will connect all of the AS. In a case of AS within the routing protocol, because it's a simple topology, the iBGP is more appropriate.

Because the main site's 6 inner router, it would worth to think about using OSPFv3, rather like IGP, but the iBGP as routing protocol is applicable on the main site too.

From the ones above, the most optimal choice would be the BGP and its IPv6 compatible version, the MP-BGP4.

The BGP is a distance vector based router as the RIP, but also considers more than the cost factors, so it more cost efficient. Also it enables to avoid routing loops like the RIP.

References

Cisco Public (2008). IPv6 Routing Protocols. http://www.txv6tf.org/wp -content /uploads/2010/08/Shamim -Tutorial -IPv6_Routing.pdf Accessed 27/12/2013

Davis J (2012) Understanding IPv6: Your Essential Guide to IPv6 on Windows Networks 3rd Edition, Microsoft Corporation by O'Reilly Media, Inc., California 6 Jul 2012

dr, Réthy Gy () Telecommunications networks and IT Services Chapter 4: Networks 161-194 HTE Online Book http://regi.hte.hu/data/upload/File/online/THIS/4.pdf Accessed 27/12/2013

IBM i Information Center (2009) Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/iseries/v6r1m0/index.jsp?topic=/rzai2/rzai2compipv4ipv6.htm Accessed 28/12/2013

Levy M (2011) Six Benefits Of IPv6

http://www.networkcomputing.com/ipv6/six-benefits-of-ipv6/230500009

Accessed 30/12/2013

Syngress (2002) Configuring IPv6 For Cisco IOS Chapter 6 235-238, Syngress 16/08/2002

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Portfolio 3 Submission

Natty Notebooks Inc.

Section Two (IPv6)

Introduction